Issue : 01 DOI :
INTERNATIONAL
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DIAGNOSTICS
AND
RESEARCH
Volume : 02
Copyright @ : - Dr.Renuka Sawant Inter. J.Digno. and Research IJDRMSID00031 |ISSN :2584-2757
65
Abstract
Ayurveda is science of life, its essentials and hazards. Although treatment of disease is important part
of Ayurvedic science; Nidana i.e., definite diagnosis of disease along with its causative factors and
pathophysiology holds important place for appropriate line of treatment. Previously, Acharyas have
mentioned various tools for this purpose like Nidan Panchaka and Pariksha Vigyana and are seen
persisting significance in advance Ayurveda. However, some advance techniques developed, such as
Radiological imaging and Hi-tech Laboratorial investigations can be used. They not only can
complement traditional techniques but also can help clinician to reach a further mile in diagnosis,
especially in diseases like Anukta vyadhi or Gudha-linga Vyadhi. This paper tries to enlighten those
advance researches as a radical evolution in field of Rognidana and Vikriti vigyana and its use for
Ayurveda clinicians in day-to-day life.
Keywords : Ayurveda, Rognidana, Radiological Imaging, Laboratorial Investigations, Researches
Corresponding author: Dr. Renuka Sawant
Article Info: Published on : 15/10/2024
P
Publisher
ROGANIDAN VIKRUTIVIGYAN PG ASSOCIATION
FOR PATHOLOGY AND RADIODIGNOSIS
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Year of Establishment – 2016
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Radical Evolution In Sphere Of Rognidana & Vikiriti Vigyana
Dr. Renuka Sawant
1
, Dr. Ujwala Pawar
2
1
PG Scholar Dept. of Roga Nidana Government Ayurved College , Nanded.
2
Professor & HOD Dept. of Roga Nidana Government Ayurved College , Nanded.
Cite this article as: - Dr. Renuka Sawant (2024) ; Radical Evolution In Sphere Of Rognidana & Vikiriti Vigyana;
Inter.J.Dignostics and Research 2 (1) 65-73, DOI: 1 0 . 5 2 8 1 / z e n o d o . 1 3 9 3 6 9 0 7
G
A
R
V
Issue : 01
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH [ISSN No.: 2584-2757]
Volume : 02
Copyright @ : - Dr.Renuka Sawant Inter. J.Digno. and Research IJDRMSID00031 |ISSN :2584-2757
66
Introduction:
Ayurveda has mentioned specific line of treatment for
every disease, which is planned taking into
consideration Nidana i.e., disease causing factor and
Sthansamshraya i.e., site of disease; and attempt is
made to break the hierarchy of pathophysiology of
disease i.e., Samprapti. Hence, Nidana Parivarjana
(eradication of causative factor) is said to be foremost
step in treatment of a disease
[1]
.
Therefore, Ayurveda has also mentioned certain
techniques for diagnosis of disease. They are :
Nidan
Panchaka
1) Nidana
2) Purvarupa
3) Rupa
4) Upshaya /
Anupshaya
5) Samprapti
Pariksha
1) Trividha
2) Shadavidha
3) Ashtavidha
4) Dashavidha
Shatkriyakala
1) Chaya
2) Prakopa
3) Prasara
4) Sthansamshraya
5) Vyakti
6) Bheda
These traditional methods are used for clinical
examination of patients as well as diagnosis and
prognosis of disease. Ayurvedacharyas are seen
practising these methods (Nadi pariksha, Mala
pariksha, Jivha pariksha) in their daily practices. But,
along with these methods some advance research
technologies are also found to be used. For example,
ï‚· Serological investigations are used to evaluate
blood values
ï‚· Urinalysis to evaluate health status of renal
systemMicrobiology and Parasitology to make
micro diagnosis
ï‚· Cytology and Histopathology to do tissue
diagnosis
ï‚· X-rays to rule out Musculo-skeletal diseases
ï‚· CT-Scan, MRI to diagnose innermost
pathology
ï‚· Biomarkers to diagnose specific system
damage
Both the traditional and contemporary tools can
complement each other and prove beneficial to
clinician for pinpoint diagnosis of disease.
Further, these advance researches can help to
evaluate the efficacy of drugs being used and
also, to monitor status of prognosis of patient.
Materials & Methods –
 Descriptions were collected from standard
Ayurvedic literature (Samhitas) and recent
researches
 Papers related to topic of concern, research
papers and articles were referred
 Modern research advances in field of
pathology were studied
Review Of Literature :
1) Rognidana : the science which describes
roga by means of Nidana, Purvarupa,
Rupa,Samprapti, Upshayanupshaya and
sadhyasadhyatva is called Rognidana and
Vikriti Vigyana
[2]
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2) Nidan Panchak : 5 diagnostic tools
mentioned in Ayurveda
[3]
Figure 1: Nidan Panchak
3) Shatkriyakala - 6 phases of manifestation of
disease described Acharya Sushruta
[4 ]
Figure 2: Shatkriyakala
4) Pariksha – Methods of examination of
patient in order to diagnose a particular
disease.
Types of Pariksha (as per Ayurvedic context)
Tri
vidha
[
6
Chatur
vidha
[
6]
Shadavidh
a
[
7]
Ashta
vidha
[
8]
Dasha
vidha
[
9]
Darsha
na
Pratyaksh
a
Chakshurindri
ya
Nadi
Prakriti
Sparsha
na
Anumana
Ghranendriya
Mala
Vikriti
Prashn
a
Aptopade
sha
Shravanendriy
a
Mutra
Sara
Yukti
Rasanendriya
Jivha
Samhana
na
Sparshanendri
ya
Shabda
Pramana
Prashna
Sparsh
a
Satmya
Drika
Satva
Akriti
Ahar
shakti
Vyayam
shakti
Vaya
5) Serological investigations – These are
diagnostic methods that are used to identify
antibodies and antigens in a patient’s blood
sample.
[10 ]
Figure 3: Serological investigations
6) Radiology – It is the medical discipline that
uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases
and guide their treatment, within bodies of
humans and other animals
[11]
Figure 4: Radiology
7) Microbiology – it is scientific study of
microorganisms, those being of unicellular,
multicellular, or acellular
[12]
Figure 5: Microbiology
Hetu - causative or etiological factors
Purvarupa - prodromal signs
Rupa - manifested symptoms
Upshaya - relieving factors
Samprapti - pathogenesis
Chaya
Prakopa Prasara
Sthan
shamshr
aya
Vyakti Bheda
ELISA
Aggluti
nation
test
Precip
itin
test
Wester
n Blot
Test
Radio
immun
o assay
Immuno
fluoresc
ence
Assay
Projection
radiography (X-
ray)
Fluroscopy
(Barium meal X-
ray)
Computed
Tomography
(CT)
Ultrasound
(Sonography)
Magnetic
Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
Nuclear
Medicine
(PET Scan)
Interventional
radiology
(Angiogram)
Microbiology
Branches
Bacteriol
ogy
Myco
logy
Proto
zoology
Virology
Phyco
logy
Microbia
l ecology
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8) Biomarkers – it is a measurable indicator
of some biological state or condition, and
are often measured and evaluated using
blood, urine or soft tissues to examine
normal biological processes, pathogenic
processes or pharmacologic responses to a
therapeutic intervention.
[13]
Figure 6: Biomarkers
A) Susceptibility – BRCA1/2 for Breast Cancer
B) Diagnostic – CKMB for Acute Myocardial
Infarction
C) Monitoring – Blood pressure in
Hypertension
D) Prognostic – PSA levels in CA Prostate
E) Predictive – Serum Protein levels in
Pregnancy
F) Pharmacodynamic – LDL levels in Stroke
G) Safety – Neutrophil count in Cytotoxic
chemotherapy
Discussion :
Although Ayurvedic textual methods are sufficient
to diagnose any manifested disease, recent
researches in our field and advanced technologies
invented can make the process easy and more
accurate diagnosis can be made out of same. They
are described in detail further –
1) Laboratorial Investigations –
They can be used to verify the parameters given in
literary texts; also, to quantitatively verify physical
parameters at plasma level. For example,
a) CBC – complete blood count can be used to
confirm Rakta-kshaya or Rakta dushti; further it
can also specify the type of Rakta-dushti by
RBC indices.
Figure 7: Complete Blood Cell Counter
b) PBS - This can also help to diagnose the Doshaj
type of Pandu and can provide patient more
appropriate treatment
[14]
MCV Value
PBS picture of
RBC
Type of Rakta
dushti/Pandu
Decreased
(below 80
fL)
Microcytic,
Hypochromic
Vataj
Increased
(above 100
fL)
Macrocytic,
Hyperchromic
Kaphaj
Normal (80-
100 fL)
Normocytic,
Normochromic
Pittaj
Biomarkers
Susceptibi
lity / Risk
Diagnostic
Monitoring
Prognostic Predictive
Pharmacody
anmic /
Response
Safety
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- Peripheral blood smear for detection of
Malarial parasites is advised for diagnosis of
Malaria.
Figure 8: PS showing Malarial Parasite (Schizonts)
Some autoimmune haematological disorders like
Sickle cell disease, Still’s disease and Leukaemia
(Anukta vyadhi) can also be diagnosed with CBC
findings and smear pictures. In Sickle cell anaemia,
RBC count can be seen decreased, but loha kalp
cannot be used, as there is aggregation (collection)
of loha ghatak in large quantity in body
15
. These
concepts are not explained in modern science.
Hence, treatment given according to ayurvedic
aspect gives best results.
Figure 9: PS Showing Sickle Cells (Sickle Cell Anemia)
Raktagni vardhak dravya are used as they can
help in phenomenon of reformation of blood
from that loha dravya in body. Strengthening of
RBCs can be done in such cases. Due of this
treatment principle, less destruction of RBC and
raise in haemoglobin can be recorded.
c) Biochemical investigations – certain enzymes
can be measured which are said to be biomarkers
for certain tissues or systems. HDL (High
density lipoproteins) is known as
cardioprotective lipoprotein, and can be
considered as parameter of Para-oja. Similarly,
Liver Function Test and Pancreatic Function
Test can be correlated to concept of Vipaka in
Ayurveda.
Figure 10: Biochemistry Auto-Analyser Machine
d) PCR / RT-PCR – process used to produce
replica of DNA of infection causing organism
and thus, detect its presence in given sample
16
.
This helps in making proper choice of drug
against causative organism, which in Ayurveda,
can be said to find type of Krimi and support
Apkarshana and Nidanparivarjana Chikitsa of
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Krimi. This was seen being widely used in
detecting the cases of COVID-19.
e) Urine / Stool examination – urine and stool are
the metabolic waste products and their
examination can help understanding the status of
metabolism. Besides the methods described by
Ayurveda, advance chemical, microscopic and
culture examination of the same, not only can
help us to make micro diagnosis about the inner
systems but also verify health of Agni and
Koshtha of the patient.
Figure 11:
Vataj Ashmari
(envelope
shaped)
Figure 12:
Pittaj Ashmari
(envelope
shaped)
Figure 13:
Kaphaj
Ashmari
(envelope
shaped)
Morphologies of
crystal seen
Type of Ashmari as per
texts
Envelope shaped
Vataj Ashmari
(Kantakachita)
Irregular, yellowish
Pittaj Ashmari
(Pitavabhasa)
Round, Whitish
Kaphaj Ashmari (Shwet)
2.Radiological Imaging –
This includes imaging techniques like X-ray, USG,
MRI and CT-Scan. This can be known as advance
research in Darshana Pariksha, which is one
amongst Trividha pariksha used in examination of
patient. Acharyas have said that those factors which
are Pratyaksha (visible to naked eyes) are lesser in
counting than those which are Apratyaksha
(invisible to naked eyes). Also, Acharyas have
mentioned Pratyaksha badhak bhavas i.e., factors
responsible for invisibility of substances to the
naked eyes. Researches in radiological imaging
techniques can provide access to Apratyaksha
factors and can help us to overcome misdiagnosis
due to Pratyaksha badhak bhavas, thereby adding
on to Darshana Pariksha. For example:
- X-ray Chest PA View in Pulmonary Koch’s
showing white patches denoting fluid
collection in cavities can confirm Kapha
dosha predominance in pathophysiology of
the same.
Figure 14: Chest X-ray showing cavities in Tuberculosis
- Ultrasonography (USG) can help to locate Vata
samurchita Kapha said to cause obstructive
pathology. Seat of this Samurchit Kapha varies
according to Nidanapanchaka; thus, promoting us
to picture entire Nidanpanchaka in such
pathologies (Baddhagudodara, Ruddhapatha
kamala, Ashmari).
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Figure 15: USG showing kidney with calculi
[17]
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in which
magnetic field is used to image inner musculo-
skeletal tissues to mark cellular and histological
depth of pathology. In Ayurvedic perspective
helps us to know the Dhatu avastha of Aghata
(trauma), Vrana or Vidradhi (wound), which can
help us know sadhyasadhyatva and prognosis of
it.
- Computed Tomography Scan (CT-Scan) is a
scan of body tissues, organs and bones in cross
sections. Ayurveda mentions diseases of Majja
samsthana and Indriya pradoshaj vikara, where
CT can prove to be a better option for accurate
diagnosis. These diseases being difficult to treat,
if timely diagnosed and located can help to
provide patient a better living.
Figure 15: CT-Brain showing Traumatic Brain Injury
[18]
- Angiogram or Arteriogram is used to view
inner wall or lumen of vascular system, especially
coronary artery to detect aneurysms, stenosis or
atherosclerotic plaques. As per Ayurvedic
pathogenesis, helps us to know accumulation of
Ama which is unique entity not visible in physical
form but causes obstruction to normal Rasa-Rakta
vikshepana (circulation). Also, it can play
significant role in marking presence of Avritta
Vayu in Dhamani and Sira, which is said to be
Amurta (not visible to human eyes) but causes
narrowing and malformations in vessels.
Figure 16: Coronary angiography shows complete
occlusion at the mid left anterior descending artery
[19]
There are some Gudhalinga vyadhi mentioned in
Ayurveda i.e., diseases with mixed or unclear
symptoms, which make their spot diagnosis
difficult. Ayurveda has given Upshayanupshaya
method for diagnosis of these diseases which is sort
of trial-and-error method and can be inconvenient
for children, elderly patients and pregnant women.
For example, Upstambhita Sandhigata Vata and
Aamvata share some common dosha-dushya and
symptoms. In such case, RA factor can be advised
for confirmation of diagnosis (If RA factor positive,
it is diagnostic of Rhematoid arthritis i.e.,
Aamvata). Therefore, these advance researches in
field of pathology or diagnosis can help picking
better line of treatment and can make both diagnose
and treatment easy and accurate.
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Conclusion :
Research, in any field, helps researcher to access
further steps and achieve more clarity about his/her
field of interest. However, in ayurveda, most of the
researches are seen in field of Rasashastra,
Dravyaguna and Rognidana. Amongst these,
researches in field of Rognidana are proving to be
most useful inventions considering public health
and benefits. Also, they are provided at government
hospitals and dedicated health centres at reasonable
cost. Therefore, large number of populations can be
seen being beneficial due to these researches. Along
with modern medicine, Ayurvedic medicine can
also be enhanced, as many Ayurvedic concepts can
be proved on modern scientific basis; thus,
providing Ayurveda and Ayurvedic practitioners
better opportunities in modern world. Ayurveda is
holistic science of life; therefore, it focuses on root
eradication of disease and not merely symptomatic
relief; this can be achieved only when accurate
diagnosis is made. Not only patients but also
practitioners are seen being accessing these advance
technologies on large scale. It works from a
minimum Glucometer (used to check BSL) to
maximum level of heavy radiology machineries
(MRI, CT-Scan). Researches in this field are almost
technical and have thus developed number of
technical courses providing career and employment
opportunities. Hence, these researches are seen
contributing majorly in providing a better life and
living opportunities to every person irrespective of
age, gender and class. Young Ayurvedic researchers
can also be inspired by such researches to explore
and innovate our cultural sciences like Ayurveda,
thereby providing our traditional medicine and its
concept a strong base in westernising world.
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